Each bar segment represents the dendritic base of one interneuron. Bar clusters represent individual honeybees. Spines were selected randomly throughout the Kenyon cell dendritic trees on the bases of overall spine length and clarity in the tissue. Group means underscored by the same line are not significantly different with ct 0.
Spine density None of the groups differed appreciably in spine density based on the dendritic loci randomly sampled during spine quantification. Group means ranged from 3. Overall spine length Group means for overall spine length are approximately the same Fig.
The newly emerged group also had the greatest percentage of spines in the shortest category Fig. Foragers exhibited spine stems which were significantly shorter than those in nurses and newly emerged bees Fig. Spine stem lengths of interneurons within each honeybee were also examined to determine if the interneurons in different calycal loci were heterogeneous.
Significant interneuronal differences did not appear in any honeybee, a fact which permitted the averaging of spines throughout the calyxes irrespective of the number of interneurons quantified. Thus, without interneuronal constraints which limited the sample size, group comparisons could be made for spine stem length on the basis of overall spine length.
Excluding the category of spines with longest overall lengths 3. Foragers I-,il N X. Comparisons of the mean percentages of spines in various size categories quantified in groups of newly emerged, nurse and forager honeybees.
Spines are categorized according to 0. The relative frequency distribution of spines with various stem lengths can be seen in Fig. For the correlational analyses of spine density and stem length, unequal neuron contributions were controlled statistically by correlating deviations from their means. None of the groups exhibited significant correlation coefficients rs ranged from 0.
Spine head width Nurse and forager groups exhibited spine heads which were significantly wider Fig. As compared with nurses and foragers, the newly emerged bees had a relative frequency distribution which was markedly skewed toward a greater proportion of narrow-headed spines Fig.
Spine profile area As was found for spine stem length Fig. Significant group differences were also evident for the percentage of spines in several categories of profile area Fig. We quantified dendritic spines on calycal interneurons in groups of newly emerged, nurse, and forager honeybees. These groups were selected for study because they represented distinct stages of behavioral development and cumulative experience.
Reviewing the findings, it is apparent that foragers differ markedly from newly emerged and nurse bees in the relative frequency of spines with elongated heads and 57 short stems.
On the average for the entire sample of spines, foragers had spines with larger profile areas and shorter stems than both groups of newly emerged and nurse bees. For spines in the shortest overall length category, nurses and foragers did not differ appreciably in stem length, but both groups had markedly shorter stems than the newly emerged group did. In contrast for spines in the intermediate overall length category, forager stem lengths were considerably shorter than those in newly emerged and nurse bees, which had similar stem lengths.
We offer several interpretations for causal mechanisms which may clarify these findings. Clearly among all groups, the foragers received the greatest diversity of sensory stimulation, especially when collecting and returning nectar and pollen to the hive.
Although typically the nurses took daily orientation flights with terrain mapping characteristics, their predominant activities were hive maintenance and brood care which were heavily mediated by genetic information. In particular, the changes in spine head size and concomitant shortening of the stem appear to be an incremental growth process affecting various portions of the spine population at different rates. This spine growth process is likely the result of localized synthesis and deposition of new membrane in the spine head mediated by repeated synaptic activation.
As found in hemimetabolis insects a, distal membrane synthesis can occur without soma involvement, which appears to act as a growth regulator. With respect to those spines showing morphological changes between the newly emerged and forager stages, the spine head size increased markedly between the newly emerged and nurse stages with little increase in head width between nurse and forager stages.
However between nurses and foragers, the spine head did become more elongated, sometimes joining expanded stem varicosities, particularly in the longer spines. Lack of significant differences in stem lengths between nurses and foragers for the spines with shorter overall lengths may, in part, be the result of the lower potential variation in stem length. Phyletic comparisons Using rapid Golgi impregnation techniques, the elongated growth of the spine head and corresponding shortening of the spine stem has been documented to occur in 58 honeybees a n d cichlid fish in association with greater a m o u n t s of sensory stimulation 4.
Similar findings of spine head enlargement in chicks a n d mice, using electron microscopy2,6, a,9, provide further evidence for a cross-phyletic p h e n o m e n o n that may be an i m p o r t a n t mediator of n e u r o n a l plasticity. In particular, shortening of the spine stem in honeybees and jewel fish c o n c o r d a n t with greater synaptic activity is suggestive of an ancient h o m o l o g o u s mechanism for altering synaptic effectiveness.
Progressive shortening of some spine stems a n d n o t others o n adjacent dendrites m a y reflect the differential flux of afferent impulses generated by the same or similar sources of sensory stimuli. PhysioL, Structural changes, J. NeurocytoL, 6 A quantitative electron microscopical study, J. Rockstein Ed. NeuroL, D1 trisomy, Patau syndrome, Brain Research, 66 Gupta, Dr.
Mohinder Singh. Here ends our selection of free Beekeeping books in PDF format. We hope you liked it and already have your next book! Trades Books in PDF.
Do you want to read about another topic? Art and Photography. Alternative Therapy. Business and Investment. Food and drinks. During the Roaring Twenties the necklace found its way onto the elegant neck of Josephine Baker, the American singer, dancer and sex symbol who took Paris by a storm. As the Fellowship unravels the twists and turns of the necklace's life, one secret remains: how did it end up in a Parisian basement?
Ever since men first hunted for honeycomb in rocks and daubed pictures of it on cave walls, the honeybee has been seen as one of the wonders of nature: social, industrious, beautiful, terrifying. No other creature has inspired in humans an identification so passionate, persistent, or fantastical.
The Hive recounts the astonishing tale of all the weird and wonderful things that humans believed about bees and their "society" over the ages.
It ranges from the honey delta of ancient Egypt to the Tupelo forests of modern Florida, taking in a cast of characters including Alexander the Great and Napoleon, Sherlock Holmes and Muhammed Ali. The history of humans and honeybees is also a history of ideas, taking us through the evolution of science, religion, and politics, and a social history that explores the bee's impact on food and human ritual.
In this beautifully illustrated book, Bee Wilson shows how humans will always view the hive as a miniature universe with order and purpose, and look to it to make sense of their own. A business parable that teaches the value of cultivating multiple streams of income—the surest, most achievable means of creating generational wealth. The Honey Bee tells the story of Noah—a disappointed, disaffected salesman who feels like his life is going nowhere until the day he has a chance encounter with a man named Tom Barnham, the beekeeper.
Full of concrete lessons delivered through chapter after chapter of engaging vignettes, each of which includes actionable advice for new or aspiring entrepreneurs. Workbook-style sections at the end of each chapter help bring the lessons home, including questions to help you apply the lessons to your own business, and links to rich digital resources for even more information on how to get started creating your own multiple streams of income.
This book not only reviews the basic aspects of social behavior, ecology, anatomy, physiology, and genetics, it also summarizes major controversies in contemporary honey bee research, such as the importance of kin recognition in the evolution of social behavior and the role of the well-known dance language in honey bee communication. Using sunlight, landmarks, and scents to remember the path, she goes in search of pollen and nectar to share with the thousands of other bees in her hive.
She uses her powerful sense of smell to locate the flowers that sustain her, avoids birds that might eat her, and returns home to share her finds with her many sisters. Nature lovers and scientists-to-be are invited to explore the fascinating life of a honey bee. Back matter includes information about protecting bees and an index.
When Thora, a young worker bee, befriends some drones, she wonders if they really are lords of the hive or if their pompous posturing merely conceals an appalling fate. Leroy and the Honeybee is an urban tale of a little boy who would rather play than assist his grandmother with errands. As with children, Leroys thoughts are immersed in a world of carefree fun until, one day, life surprises him.
Literally out of the blue, Leroy encounters a small wonder, and his senses are awakened! His explorations reach new heights he could not have imagined as he encounters places that are rarely seen by human eyes, and learns vital secrets that are almost never realized. Leroy and the Honeybee is an innovative blend of fantasy, natural science, imagination, and timeless wisdom.
What's all the buzz about? These little black and yellow balls of buzz are everywhere, in the movies, on billboards, TV commercials and even in the world news. What are the hidden mysteries? All scholars recognize that God uses types and shadows to hide His mysteries.
Example: Joseph's life is a great foreshadow of Christ. Joseph was a firstborn son, miracle birth, beloved son, shepherd, sold for silver, falsely accused etc. God told us to "consider the ant, the sparrow, lilies of the field etc," I wonder what else we have missed out on because we haven't taken the time to explore His writings to us. But we are not alone — we suffer a constant stream of unwanted visitors.
Our houses, our food, our belongings, our very existence are under constant attack from a host of invaders eager to take advantage of our shelter, our food stores and our tasty soft furnishings. From bats in the belfry to beetles in the cellar, moths in the wardrobe and mosquitoes in the bedroom, humans cannot escape the attentions of the animal kingdom. Nature may be red in tooth and claw, but when it's our blood the bedbugs are after, when it's our cereal bowl that's littered with mouse droppings, and when it's our favourite chair that collapses due to woodworm in the legs, it really brings it home the fact that we and our homes are part of nature too.
This book represents a 21st century version of the classic Mediaeval bestiary. It poses questions such as where these animals came from, can we live with them, can we get rid of them, and should we? Written in Richard Jones's engaging style and with a funky-retro design, House Guests, House Pests will be a book to treasure. Whether you are planting a yard from scratch or modifying an existing area, Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest will help you select, arrange, and maintain plants and other landscape elements that fulfill wildlife needs.
Homeowners, property owners, professional wildlife managers, landscape architects, and garden designers will all find it invaluable. A wealth of information is provided on: --Wildlife habitat and landscaping basics --Birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and insects likely to be attracted to your property --Specialty gardens for butterflies and hummingbirds --How to plant and maintain woodlands, grasslands, wetlands, and waterways --Feeders and nest boxes --Ponds and birdbaths --Potential problems --Wildlife viewing tips --Extensive plant lists.
Abstract: Social immunity is a key factor for honeybee health, including behavioral defense strategies such as the collective use of antimicrobial plant resins propolis. While laboratory data repeatedly show significant propolis effects, field data are scarce, especially at the colony level. Here, we investigated whether propolis, as naturally deposited in the nests, can protect honeybees against ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor and associated viruses, which are currently considered the most serious biological threat to European honeybee subspecies, Apis mellifera, globally.
Propolis intake of 10 field colonies was manipulated by either reducing or adding freshly collected propolis. Mite infestations, titers of deformed wing virus DWV and sacbrood virus SBV , resin intake, as well as colony strength were recorded monthly from July to September We additionally examined the effect of raw propolis volatiles on mite survival in laboratory assays.
Our results showed no significant effects of adding or removing propolis on mite survival and infestation levels. However, in relation to V. Colonies with added propolis were also significantly stronger than propolis-removed colonies. These findings indicate that propolis may interfere with the dynamics of V. What is the best way to kill weeds in paving? How scared should we really be of Japanese knotweed? And what is a weed anyway?
In this new collection he takes a look at some of the questions faced by gardeners everywhere in a bid to sort the truth from the wishful thinking. Why are the beaks of British great tits getting longer? Which common garden insect owns a set of metal-tipped running spikes? Why might growing orange petunias land you in hot water? Are foxes getting bigger? How do you stop the needles falling off your Christmas tree? That being said I do not want to start with a flawed design… I am not to sure about the engines they were using either or if they had anything to do with the problems at all.
I am mainly wondering about the chassis design, layout, and proper horizontal stab etc… I greatly appreciate everyone input and wisdom about this topic! This is purely for research purposes to see if I am even thinking along the right path… Thank you all in advance and I look forward to hearing from you on this Subject!
0コメント